11 May: Irving Berlin

This date in 1888 saw the birth of Irving Berlin, US composer who is famous for writing classic American songs like White Christmas, God Bless America, Puttin' on the Ritz, and There’s No Business Like Show Business.

1. He was born in Russia and given the name Israel Isidore Baline. His father, Moses, was a cantor, which meant he led the religious songs in the synagogue.

2. The family moved to America when he was five in order to escape anti-Jewish pogroms. He would later say that he remembered very little about Russia. His one abiding memory was of his house burning down.

3. In order to fit in, he went by the name of Izzy in New York. The name Berlin came when his first song was published and the credit read “I. Berlin”. He claimed it was a typo but it’s thought he chose it to sound more American and changed his name to Irving Berlin officially in 1911.

4. He co-wrote his first song in 1907. It was called Marie from Sunny Italy. It was sold to a music publisher for 75 cents; since he’d written it with someone else, Berlin only received half of that.

5. His father died when he was just 13, leaving the family struggling financially. He left school in order to go to work and earn Money. In due course he moved out of the family home so there would be one less mouth to feed. During this time he supported himself by busking on the street, eventually getting a job as a singing waiter.

6. Despite writing some of the best known songs ever, Berlin had no training in music at all. He couldn’t read or write Music – he had to pay secretaries to write the tunes down. He could only play the Piano using the black keys in the key of F, so he bought a special piano that would change key for him.

7. He was married twice. His first wife was Dorothy Goetz, who he married in 1912, but the marriage came to a tragic end in less than a year as Dorothy died from typhoid which she caught during their honeymoon. Berlin’s song When I Lost You was written while he was grieving for her. In 1925 he married Ellin Mackay, a Catholic whose father disowned her for marrying a Jew. They had three daughters and were together for 62 years until Ellin died in 1988.

8. They had a son, too, Irving Jr, but he died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, on Christmas Day, 1928. Every year, on Christmas Day, the Berlins would lay a Christmas wreath on his grave, a tradition their heirs continue to this day.

9. His service in WWI was to write patriotic songs to encourage the troops. During this time he wrote a musical revue called Yip! Yip! Yaphank! Which was initially performed by soldiers but eventually played at theatres as well. Berlin would perform a song called Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning at each performance himself. During World War II, Berlin wrote This Is The Army, which became a Broadway musical and 1943 film starring Ronald Reagan. He donated all the show’s earnings to the U.S. Army Emergency Relief Fund. Yip! Yip! Yaphank! Had also been written not for profit, but to raise money for a community building on his army base. Later, he would donate all the profits from the patriotic song God Bless America to the Boy and Girl Scouts and the Campfire Girls.

10. Irving Berlin died in his sleep at his home in Manhattan on September 22, 1989. He was 101 years old. When his death was announced, the lights on Broadway were dimmed as a mark of respect.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

10 May: Rogation Sunday

Rogation Sunday falls on this date in 2026, so here are some facts about it.

1. Rogation Sunday is celebrated on the 5th Sunday after Easter. Although in many places today the customs and ceremonies associated with it will be observed by churches on the Sunday, officially the Rogation Days are the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday following.

2. The word “rogation” comes from the Latin rogare, meaning “to ask.”

3. The observances tend to be concerned with asking God to protect the crops so there will be a good harvest. Farmers would have their crops blessed by a priest at this time. While it started as a celebration of rural life and was concerned with farming, hunting and fishing, God’s bounty, in some parts of the world they now include commerce and industry in the prayers, and it’s also used to promote stewardship of the planet.

4. It’s also known as Rural Life Sunday or Soil Stewardship Sunday.

5. It’s said to have evolved from a Roman ceremony called Robigalia. Robigus was the god of crop diseases and so had to be placated in order to ensure healthy crops. Robigalia involved a procession through town and out to a designated spot, where they would sacrifice a Dog.

6. Rogation days were introduced around AD 470 by Mamertus, bishop of Vienne and the Council of Orleans ordered that people should observe it from 511.

7. Another aspect of it was re-establishing the borders of the parish. Hence the observance often included a ceremony called beating the bounds in which the vicar would lead a procession of church officials and parishioners around the parish boundary to pray for the protection of the parish in the coming year. In the north of England this was also known as 'Gang-day' or 'gan week'.

8. It can also be used as a time of preparation for the upcoming feast of the Ascension, a time of abstinence and fasting.

9. Texts dating back to the 12^th century describe the processions which took place at the time. People would carry banners representing various Biblical characters. In the lead would be the Dragon, representing Pontius Pilate, followed by a Lion, representing Christ. On Ascension Day there would be a similar procession, this time with the lion in front. Many people also carried torches which could weigh as much as 42 lb (19 kg).

10. Violet vestments are worn at the rogation litany and its associated Mass.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

9 May: Swifts

The first Saturday in May is International Migratory Bird Day, so here are ten facts about a migratory bird, the swift.

1. Swifts have one of the longest migration distances of any bird. They will travel 14,000 miles (22,000km) every year, passing through the airspace of around 25 countries in order to get where they want to be. They can reach speeds of just under 70 miles an hour.

2. They do everything on the wing and only land to breed (having mated in flight first). They drink either by catching raindrops or skimming pools. Making a splash as they do so allows them to bathe. They eat flying insects. Swifts eat as many as 100,000 flying insects a day.

3. To sleep, they ascend to high altitudes, as high as 10,000ft, where there are no predators to bother them. Once there, they sleep by shutting down half their brains, so one half can monitor the wind drift so they don’t get carried too far away from where they started.

4. Hence you’ll never see a swift perched anywhere. They have only tiny legs and claws, only used for landing on their nests. Once at rest there, they flop about in an ungainly fashion on their chests.

5. They make their nests out of anything they can gather on the wing, feathers and saliva. They originally evolved to nest in high places like cliffs, but since humans started building houses, their preferred homes are the eaves of houses and spires. They’ll return to the same site year after year. Incidentally, the nests of a species of swift native to Asia are what is used to make birds nest soup.

6. On summer evenings, groups of up to 20 birds will gather for a “screaming party” during which the nesting swifts and the ones that aren’t breeding this year call out to each other. Even larger groups may gather at higher altitudes.

7. Historically, swifts have been known as "The Devil's Bird". Which might be because they disappeared for months on end, before naturalists figured out they were simply relocating somewhere warmer for the winter; that and the fact that even when they are around, it’s virtually impossible to catch one.

8. That said, they were eaten in medieval Italy. People encouraged swifts to nest on buildings and would steal the young birds from the nests. There were strict rules stating that one young bird must always be left alive in the nest.

9. You can tell them from Swallows and martins because swifts are larger, and have a pale patch on their chins.

10. The heraldic bird known as the "martlet", pictured without feet, may have been based on the swift, although house martins are also the possible models. Martlets often appeared in the arms of younger sons, who didn’t inherit the land and were therefore destined for rootless wandering.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

8 May: Sir David Attenborough

Happy birthday to Sir David Attenborough, who is 100 today. 10 things you might not know about him.

1. His father was the principal of University College Leicester, so he was raised around the campus. As a boy he collected fossils and at the age of 11 struck a deal with staff at the university whereby he would catch Newts for the laboratories at a nearby pond, and receive 3 pence per newt.

2. He served in the Royal Navy on an aircraft carrier for national service. After that he worked in publishing, editing children’s science textbooks.

3. In 1950, he applied for a job as a radio talk producer with The BBC but didn’t get it. Nevertheless, his CV was in the system and after a few months it came to the notice of Mary Adams, head of the Talks (factual broadcasting) department. She thought this young man had promise and offered him three months training and then a permanent job in 1952. At the time he started in the role, he didn’t own a Television and had only seen one TV programme in his life.

4. He became a producer of factual shows (Mary Adams didn’t place him in front of the camera at first as she was of the opinion that his teeth were too big). The first show he produced was called Coelacanth, a documentary about a prehistoric Fish.

5. Nature shows weren’t his only area of influence. As controller of BBC Two, he oversaw the first ever colour broadcasts in Europe, winning the race against Germany to be the first nation in Europe to broadcast in colour. He was also responsible for commissioning Monty Python’s Flying Circus as well as the documentaries Civilization and The Ascent of Man. The first show resembling the nature shows we know and love today was called Zoo Quest.

6. Although happy to handle venomous Snakes and Scorpions and the like for the camera, he’d draw the line at rats. Rats are the only animals he really dislikes. His fear of them started when filming on location in the Solomon Islands, when he woke one night to find his room was full of them. On another occasion, in India, a rat jumped out of a Toilet. “I’ve handled deadly spiders, snakes, and scorpions without batting an eyelid, but if I see a rat, I’ll be the first to run,” he said.

7. He doesn’t own a car. In fact, he never passed his driving test.

8. Although he generally wants nothing to do with modern technology and would rather write a letter than send a text or email, he did join Instagram in 2020 at the age of 94 and broke the record for being the fastest to reach a million followers, in four hours and 44 minutes. He only stayed on the platform for a few weeks. His record was broken soon afterwards by 43 minutes by Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint.

9. He is the only person to have won BAFTA Awards in black-and-white, colour, high-definition, 3D and 4K resolution. He’s also been knighted twice by Queen Elizabeth II and holds more honorary degrees from British universities than any other celebrity.

10. He’s also had a lot of things named after him, including a building at Cambridge University and many animals and plants. The latter include the Attenborosaurus (Attenborosaurus conybeari), a marine Dinosaur; a Peruvian rubber Frog (Pristimantis attenboroughi); a flightless beetle and a species of hawkweed found only in the Brecon Beacons. He also had a polar research ship named after him. RRS Sir David Attenborough was the name chosen despite the public vote overwhelmingly choosing Boaty McBoatface.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

6 May: Passwords

The first Thursday in May is World Password Day. Here are ten facts about passwords.

1. The first passwords were spoken words, used, often by the military, to distinguish between friends and enemies. People you wanted to allow into your base would know the word to say. Enemies would not. In the Roman Empire, soldiers were given “watchwords” to be spoken to the night watchmen.

2. In the 11th century BCE by soldiers of Gilead used the password “shibboleth”. They didn’t care so much if their enemies found out what it was, because they would give themselves away by pronouncing it differently.

3. The first computer passwords were used by American computer scientist Fernando Corbató in 1961 to control access to the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), a general-purpose operating system.

4. Passwords that consist only of numbers may be called passcodes or personal identification numbers (PIN).

5. 59% of people use the same password for several platforms. 20% of employees share passwords with colleagues. A person usually changes the password every 2.5 to 3 years on average.

6. The most commonly used passwords include 123456, password, qwerty123 and iloveyou.

7. Research has shown that women are more likely to use personal names in their passwords, while men use words relating to their hobbies. People are 3 times more likely to use their pet’s name rather than that of a family member. Most of the sources I looked at for this one went on and on about how bad this is. That said, a famous hacker who was on the FBI most wanted list used his cat’s name as his password, followed by ‘123.’

8. The launch code for US nuclear missiles was ‘00000000’ for 20 years.

9. At one time those in the know could access any profile on Facebook by entering the password ‘Chuck Norris’ and on Hotmail using the password ‘eh.’

10. An eight-character password containing a combination of upper and lower-case characters has a total of 53 trillion billion combinations.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

6 May: Orson Welles Quotes

On the anniversary of his birth in 1915, ten Orson Welles quotes.

1. My doctor told me to stop having intimate dinners for four. Unless there are three other people.

2. I don't pray because I don't want to bore God.

3. Living in the lap of luxury isn't bad, except you never know when luxury is going to stand up.

4. Don’t give them what you think they want. Give them what they never thought was possible.

5. I prefer people who rock the boat to people who jump out.

6. If you want a happy ending, that depends, of course, on where you stop your story.

7. Ask not what you can do for your country. Ask what's for lunch.

8. What's happening now is what happened before, and often what's going to happen again sometime or other.

9. The camera is much more than a recording apparatus, it is a medium via which messages reach us from another world.

10. My definition of success is not having things thrown at me!

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

5 May: Carnegie Hall

On this date in 1891, Carnegie Hall, one of the world's most renowned concert halls, opened in New York. 10 things you might not know about Carnegie Hall.

1. The opening event was an orchestral concert, and one of the conductors was Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who conducted five of his own pieces. During his visit he kept a notebook which he called Trip to America, which was found after his death. In it, he listed a number of things he wondered about prior to the trip, such as whether it was safe to drink the water, what kind of hats people wore and whether he could get his laundry done.

2. The hall is situated 881 Seventh Avenue, between 56th and 57th Streets, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and has a footprint of 27,618 square feet (2,565.8 m2).

3. There are three auditoriums with a total of 3,671 seats. 2,790 of these are in the Stern Auditorium which was named after violinist, cultural ambassador, social advocate, and civic leader Isaac Stern. The other two are Zankel Hall, and Weill Recital Hall.

4. The hall itself is named after steel magnate Andrew Carnegie who stumped up the cash to pay for it. It was designed by American architect William Burnet Tuthill, who’d never designed a concert hall before, but got the job through serving on a board with Carnegie. Tuthill also happened to be an amateur cellist. The style is Renaissance Revival, originally developed in Florence in the 14^th century.

5. When it was first built, it was known as the Music Hall and it was intended to make a profit (it’s a non-profit organisation today). Carnegie’s wife and conductor Walter Damrosch nagged him to build a concert hall to rival those in Europe. The need to make money affected how the building looks today. An original mansard roof was removed in 1894 to make room for studios musicians could rent in order to cover a deficit. It still wasn’t enough so an extra tower was added. This was designed by a different architect, Henry Hardenbergh, because Tuthill had got a bit pissed off that his masterpiece was being tampered with. The beams from the original roof are now a feature of the building’s offices.

6. The area in which the hall was built was known at the time as Goat Hill, where there was a brewery, which had been built there to take advantage of a natural spring. The brewery was demolished to make way for the hall’s extension. There were fears at the time that it was too far uptown to be a popular venue.

7. It fell into disrepair in the 1950s and at one point was scheduled to be demolished and a skyscraper built on the site. Civic leaders lobbied the city of New York to buy the venue for $5 million and establish the non-profit Carnegie Hall Corp. to manage it.

8. Many iconic classical works had their world premieres at Carnegie Hall, including Antonin Dvorak’s Symphony No. 9 (From the New World); Symphonia Domestica by Richard Strauss, conducted by the composer; Concerto in F by George Gershwin with the composer on piano, and Variations on a Theme of Corelli by Sergei Rachmaninov, also with the composer on piano.

9. Zankel Hall was an art house cinema for a while and was allegedly showing porn movies in the 1970s.

10. There’s also a museum called the Rose Museum, which is open to the public, concert schedule’s permitting. People with tickets to events at Stern can also visit the museum in the hour before the concert starts.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

4 May: The Moody Blues

On this date in 1964, The Moody Blues were formed in Birmingham. 10 facts about the Moody Blues.

1. The original line-up was Graeme Edge (Drums), Denny Laine (Guitar/vocals), Mike Pinder (keyboards/vocals), Ray Thomas (multi-instrumentalist/vocals) and Clint Warwick (bass/vocals). Laine and Warwick left the band in 1966, and were replaced by Justin Hayward (guitar/vocals) and John Lodge (bass/vocals).

2. The various members had been playing in other bands in Birmingham, including El Riot & the Rebels (Thomas and Lodge), Danny King & the Dukes (Warwick), Gerry Levine & the Avengers (Thomas and Pinder) and The R&B Preachers (Warwick, Edge and Laine).

3. When they got together to form what would become the Moody Blues, they were hoping for sponsorship from the local Mitchells & Butlers Brewery but despite naming themselves the M&B5 to this end, the sponsorship never happened. So they changed their name, keeping the initials. Moody was a reference to the Duke Ellington song Mood Indigo and also the ability of music to affect a person’s moods. Blues was a reference to the type of music they were playing on the club circuit at the time.

4. Their first single wasn’t a hit. It was a cover of Bobby Parker's Steal Your Heart Away with B side was an original song, Lose Your Money (But Don't Lose Your Mind). It was released in September 1964. The band's big breakthrough came with their second single, Go Now, a cover of a song by Bessie Banks, released in November 1964. It reached number one.

5. However, it wasn’t a lasting success. They had no more hits for over 18 months and at one gig, a member of the audience went backstage to tell them they were the worst band he’d ever seen.

6. Things changed again in 1967 when Decca Records approached them about a project they had in mind – a pop version of Dvorak’s New World Symphony to showcase their new Deramic Stereo Sound system. Somehow the album evolved into Days of Future Passed which was original Moody Blues songs accompanied by an orchestra. This album, though sales were modest at first, has been called "one of the first successful concept albums".

7. The Moody Blues were the only band to regularly use a Mellotron, which is an early sort of synthesizer that used tape loops instead of electronic tone generators in their concerts. Mike Pinder had worked for the company that had invented the Mellotron, so he was especially familiar with how to use it.

8. In an interview around the time of the release of their album Seventh Sojourn, Edge told Rolling Stone: "We've got two Christians, one Mystic, one Pedantic and one Mess, and we all get on a treat."

9. They started their own label, Threshold Records, in 1969, one of the first bands to do so with only The Beatles and the Beach Boys beating them to it. The aim was to develop and promote new talent including bands called Trapeze and Providence, but none of the new acts really took off. By by the late 1970s they’d gone back to more traditional recording contracts.

10. The Moody Blues toured the UK and US in 2015, including their first appearance at Glastonbury. 2017 saw the 50th anniversary of Days of Future Passed, so they went on tour performing the album in its entirety together with other songs. Ray Thomas died on 4 January 2018, at the age of 76, so didn’t live to see the band inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At time of writing, only two Moody Blues survive, Justin Hayward and Patrick Moraz, who joined in 1978 after Pinder left.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

3 May: 123

Welcome to day 123 of 2026. 10 fun facts about 123.

1. 123 Brunhild is a main-belt asteroid discovered by C. H. F. Peters in 1872, and named after Brünnehilde, a Valkyrie in Norse mythology.

2. The Pittsburgh band Animal Scream and Edinburgh band Clouds both previously went by the name 1-2-3.

3. It’s the atomic number of the hypothetical chemical element Unbitrium.

4. One, Two, Three is a 1961 American political comedy film directed by Billy Wilder, based on the 1929 Hungarian one-act play Egy, kettő, három by Ferenc Molnár.

5. 123 Money Ltd, trading as 123.ie, is an Irish insurance company with registered offices in Dublin.

6. The year 123 was a common year starting on Thursday, known at the time as the Year of the Consulship of Paetinus and Apronius. In this year, Housesteads Fort, Hadrian's Wall was built, north of Bardon Mill, and Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli was built.

7. London bus route 123 runs from Lordship Lane to Hainault Street.

8. In religion, 123 is associated with progress and the Holy Trinity, so it may be referred to as the Trinity of Progress or Triad of Progress.

9. The A123 is a road in London running between the A113 at Chigwell and the A13 at Lodge Avenue, Barking.

10. In numerology number 123 represents a harmonious family energy. Responsibilities are taken seriously, responsibilities to family most of all. Promises are not lightly given. It also resonates with self-reliance and independence so those influenced by the number will work to ensure their family is self-sufficient.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

3 May: J

The first Saturday of May is designated J Day by marijuana users who organise marches worldwide on this day. 10 things you might not know about the letter J.

1. Firstly, the reason why a day of cannabis activism is known as J day: because J is a slang term for a joint.

2. It’s the 10^th letter of the Latin alphabet and the fourth least used in the English language after Z, Q and X. That said it’s more common when it comes to personal names. Hence all of the main roles in the comedy show Absolutely Fabulous are played by actresses with names beginning with J: Jennifer, Joanna, June, Julia and Jane.

3. However, if your name begins with J you can’t do that thing where you spell out your name with element symbols as J doesn’t appear in the Periodic Table. Not in English, anyway. In German, the word for Iodine is Jod, and in German texts J is sometimes used as the symbol for Iodine.

4. In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.

5. Agent J is a character in the Men in Black films portrayed by Will Smith.

6. J is the narrator of Jerome K Jerome's novel Three Men in a Boat.

7. The tenth novel in Sue Grafton's "Alphabet mystery" series, published in 1993 is "J" Is for Judgment.

8. In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.

9. J has been used as a nickname for various music artists including a member of the K-Pop group STAYC, a solo Korean singer, a Japanese rock musician and American White Zombie guitarist Jay Yuenger. JJJ has been used to refer to Australian radio station Triple J; J. Jonah Jameson, a Marvel comics character; Jaren Jackson Jr., an American basketball player; and Jingjinji, a metropolitan region of China. It was also the production code for the 1971 Doctor Who serial The Dæmons.

10. In Morse code it’s .--- and in the NATO Phonetic alphabet, J is represented by Juliet.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

1 May: 121

1^st May is the 121^st day of the year. 10 facts about the number 121.

1. 121 is the atomic number of Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium, a hypothetical chemical element with the symbol Ubu. It has attracted attention because of predictions that it may be in the island of stability. Its position in the periodic table suggests it would have similar properties to lanthanum and actinium.

2. The A121 is a road in England connecting Waltham Cross and Woodford Wells. The main settlements on it are Waltham Abbey and Loughton. it passes through the densest part of Epping Forest.

3. 121 (Eagle) Sqn is a Royal Air Force aircraft squadron was one of three Eagle Squadrons manned by American volunteers during the Second World War.

4. The year 121 was a common year starting on Tuesday, known at the time as the Year of the Consulship of Verus and Augur. In 121, Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma began in Rome, and it saw the death of Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of Paper and the papermaking process.

5. London Bus route 121 runs from Enfield Island Village to Turnpike Lane Station.

6. 121 Hermione is a binary Asteroid discovered in 1872 by J. C. Watson and named after Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology.

7. 121 is a song by Robert Forster from the album Calling from a Country Phone.

8. *121# is a 2018 film directed by V. Anand and starring Vinay Chandar, Sounil Deshmukh, Naveen Kumar Gowda. It’s about a group of friends who meet up after a long time for a party and accidentally commit a crime.

9. 121 is the square of 11.

10. In numerology, 121’s energy is methodical and focussed. People under its influence will work on one project at a time and see it through to the end. They are drawn to step-by-step instructions for reaching life-enhancing goals.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

30 April: World's Fairs

On this date in 1939, the New York World's Fair opened. 10 facts about World’s Fairs.

1. A world’s fair is a global exhibition event with the purpose of showcasing the achievements of the nations taking part. They generally last three to six months and are held at specific locations. World’s fair is the term most often used in America. In Europe and Asia they are called international (or universal) expositions/exhibitions. Since 1958, the word Expo has been used. Since 1995, it has been ruled there must be a gap of at least five years between them.

2. There can, however, be one Specialised Expo in between. These are smaller and shorter, lasting between three weeks and three months, and are usually focussed on a theme, for example, "Future Energy" (Expo 2017 Astana), "The Living Ocean and Coast" (Expo 2012 Yeosu), or "Leisure in the Age of Technology" (Brisbane, Expo '88). The first of these was held in Stockholm in 1936.

3. The first World’s Fair as we know it was held in Prague in 1791. It was timed to coincide with the coronation of Leopold II as king of Bohemia, and was was held in the Clementinum, a historic complex of buildings in Prague which houses the National Library of the Czech Republic. The first in the UK was in 1851 and was Prince Albert’s idea. It was called the "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" and held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park.

4. There have been three distinct eras. The Industrialisation era, between 1851–1938, where the exhibitions showed off advances in technology and were big trade fairs. From 1939 in New York they began to shift in emphasis towards cultural themes and social progress. 1939’s theme was "Building the World of Tomorrow". In 1988, the emphasis shifted again and since then they have been a platform for improving and promoting the images of the nations taking part.

5. There is a central organising body called the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) which is based in Paris.

6. At time of writing, the most recent World’s Fair was in Osaka, Japan in 2025 and the next one will be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2030. There will be a Specialised Expo in Belgrade in 2027 with the theme of “Play for Humanity – Sport and Music for All”.

7. Buildings and structures are often erected for World’s Fairs, generally meant to be temporary and dismantled when the show is over. However, there are several which have survived and become much loved attractions in the host cities. The most famous of these is perhaps the Eiffel Tower built for the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1889. The Crystal Palace in London has survived a major fire and relocation to South London and Seattle’s Space Needle was built for the 1962 event. Brisbane’s Skyneedle was built for Expo ‘88 and is still there.

8. The Epcot Centre in the Walt Disney World Resort, near Orlando, Florida began as a concept of a permanent World’s Fair and became the new home for many of the exhibitions and rides created for the 1964 World’s Fair in New York. Some of them are still operational today.

9. Innovations first presented at World’s Fairs include Ferris wheels (Chicago, 1893); the new Ford Mustang (1964); IMAX movies (Osaka 1970) and cherry coke (Tennessee, 1982).

10. A US president was assassinated at a World’s Fair in 1901 in Buffalo, New York. During a reception, President William McKinley was shot twice in the stomach by an anarchist and died of gangrene eight days later. He was operated on at the time by an impromptu team at the expo’s small medical facility, which wasn’t equipped to deal with such major surgery. They weren’t able to locate one of the bullets and had to leave it in, and that’s what killed McKinley. Ironically, on display at that very Expo was a device which could have saved him – the X Ray machine, but nobody thought to use it.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

29 April: Condors

On this date in 1988, the first condor conceived in captivity was born at San Diego Wild Animal Park. 10 facts about condors:

1. Condors are part of the Vulture family, and there are two species: the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus).

2. They are among the largest flying Birds. The Andean condor is the third heaviest after bustards and albatrosses. They have a wingspan of up 3.2 meters/10.5 feet.

3. Because they are so heavy, they prefer to live in windy areas so they can get a helping hand from air currents while aloft.

4. Unlike most birds of prey, females are smaller than males and their eyes are Red, while males have Brown eyes.

5. They mate for life and raise chicks together. They need to co-operate because they lay their eggs on the edge of a cliff rather than build a nest so have to divide the tasks of guarding the eggs and finding food. The incubation period is 54-58 days.

6. The chicks take 6-8 years to reach full maturity. Condors are long lived birds which can live up to 50 years in the wild. A condor in the Jardin d'Essai du Hamma in Algiers lived to be 100.

7. Their plumage is Black apart from a ring of White feathers on the neck. The birds keep these feathers clean. Their heads are virtually bald which is believed to be a hygiene adaptation. Since they can soar at up to 5,500 meters, the sun’s rays act as a sterilising agent.

8. The Andean condor is Chile’s national bird and is part of the country’s coat of arms. It features in mythology as representative of a sun deity and is a symbol of power and health.

9. There’s also a popular Chilean comic book character who is a condor. His name is Condorito and he’s been around since 1949.

10. The collective nouns for a bunch of condors is a condo or a scarcity.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/

28 April: Poetry

Today is Great Poetry Reading Day, so here are 10 things you might not know about poetry.

1. The word "poetry" comes from the Greek term poiesis, which means "making”. “Poem” comes from the Greek poíēma, meaning a “thing made.” Incidentally, Prose comes from the Latin “prosa oratio,” meaning “straightforward.”

2. Metrophobia is the fear of poetry. Metromania is the compulsion to write poetry.

3. Some say poetry has been around for longer than the written word. Poems were used as a way to remember genealogy, laws, and oral history; they would also have been used in religious rituals or for casting spells.

4. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh which dates from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer, now part of Iraq.

5. The longest poem in the world is the Mahabharata, an Indian epic poem dating from around the 4th century BC. It has about 1.8 million words.

6. The oldest surviving love poem is written by an unknown author on a clay tablet about 4,000 years ago. It was written for king Shu-Sin to recite to his bride during a virility ritual.

7. The poet considered to be the father of poetry is a bit more recent. It’s Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400), also dubbed the father of English literature, and the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

8. The first poet laureate of England was Ben Johnson in 1616. However, it didn't become an official royal office until 1668 when John Dryden was appointed. A poet laureate’s job is writing poems for national occasions.

9. The seemingly modern words “unfriend” and “muggle” first appeared in a poem written in 1275. It was called Brut and the poet’s name was Layamon.

10. There has been a study which found that studying poetry can improve a person’s prose writing, because it means learning about rhythmic structure, vocabulary, formal words vs. colloquial words, visual imagery and sense of sound.

I also write novels and short stories. If you like superheroes, psychic detectives and general weirdness you might enjoy them. 

Check out my works of fiction at https://juliehowlinauthor.wordpress.com/my-books/